Read the following scenarios…(Beware. Some are, well, weird…)
A)
A Woman is cleaning out her closet, and she finds her old American flag. She doesn’t want the flag anymore, so she cuts it up into pieces and uses the rags to clean her bathroom.
B)
A family’s dog was killed by a car in front of their house. They had heard that dog meat was delicious, so they cut up the dog’s body and cooked it and ate it for dinner.
C)
A brother and sister like to kiss each other on the mouth. When nobody is around, they find a secret hiding place and kiss each other on the mouth.
D)
A man goes to the supermarket once a week and buys a dead chicken. But before cooking the chicken, he has sexual intercourse with it. Then he thoroughly cooks it and eats it.
Do these things seem wrong, very wrong, to you? Most would say yes. But let me ask you a question, what is exactly wrong with each? That is, without simply restating the problem (e.g., that’s unpatriotic, you shouldn’t eat your dog, brothers and sisters should not kiss, etc.), what moral principle is being violated in each instance?
If you are like most people, you’ll find it hard to locate a moral or ethical principle being violated in each scenario. Yet, without a doubt, we know and feel that each scenario is wrong. This feeling, the strong sense of wrongness while being at a loss for a moral argument, is called “moral dumbfounding.” The scenarios above are taken from Jonathan Haidt’s very interesting moral psychology research (Haidt, J., Koller, S., & Dias, M. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 613-628.) Haidt’s research has interesting implications for any discussion about sin and morality. Over the last week I’ve been giving very cognitive and intellectual arguments for defining sin. What is interesting is that Haidt’s research calls all that theological work into question.
Moral dumbfounding research acts like a scalpel, cleanly dissecting our moral psychology into emotion and cognition. And what we find is that, when we make moral judgments (e.g. Is homosexuality as sin?), we FEEL the answer first. We simply know something is wrong and those feelings GO IN SEARCH OF RATIONALIZATIONS. Moral arguments, therefore, are simply this: Justifications for appraisals of wrongness we instinctively feel.
And what this means is that theological arguments are simply a show, a way to appear rational and well justified to others and ourselves. And this has huge implications for the homosexuality question. Basically, we are simply going to FEEL that it IS a sin or that it IS NOT a sin, and there is little that argument or blogging is going to do to change those viscerally held judgments.
Welcome to the blog of Richard Beck, professor and experimental psychologist at Abilene Christian University (brief vita) and author of Unclean and The Authenticity of Faith.
Experimental Theology is available on the Kindle.
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The Little Way of St. Thérèse of Lisieux
The William Stringfellow Project (Ongoing)
Autobiographical Posts
- Subversion and Shame: I Like the Color Pink
- The Bureaucrat
- Uncle Richard, Vampire Hunter
- Freedom Fellowship
- Palm Sunday with the Orhtodox
- Looking Like Jesus (or a Crazy Person)
- Freedom Rider
- On Maps and Marital Spats
- Get on a Bike...and Go Slow
- Buying a Bible
- Memento Mori
- We Weren't as Good as the Muppets
- Uncle Richard and the Shark
- Growing Up Catholic
- Ghostbusting (Part 1)
- Ghostbusting (Part 2)
- My Eschatological Dog
- Meditations on Y'all
- Tex Mex and Depression Era Cuisine
- Aliens at Roswell
- Driving to Pizza House
On the Principalities and Powers
- Christian Anarchism
- A Restless Patriotism
- Wink on Exorcism
- Images of God Against Empire
- A Boredom Revolution
- The Medal of St. Benedict
- Exorcisms are about Economics
- "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You?"
- "A Home for Demons...and the Merchants Weep"
- Tales of the Demonic
- The Ethic of Death: The Policies and Procedures Manual
- "All That Are Here Are Humans"
- Ears of Stone
- The War Prayer
- Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Blog Sermons
From the Prison Bible Study
Series/Essays Based on my Research
- Death and Christian Art, Part 1
- Death and Christian Art, Interlude
- Death and Christian Art, Part 2
- Death and Christian Art, Part 3
- Profanity
- Satan and the Emotional Burden of Monotheism
- Death, Gnosticism and the Incarnation
- Summer and Winter Christians
- Sinning in Your Heart
- Quest Religious Orientation
- Satan as a Functional Theodicy
- Attachment to God
- PostSecret, Part 1
- PostSecret, Part 2
- PostSecret, Part 3
- PostSecret, Part 4
- PostSecret, Part 5
The Theology of Calvin and Hobbes
The Theology of Peanuts
The Angel of the iPhone
Reflections on Gender and the Church
- Call No Man on Earth Father
- Head Coverings: Why Female Hair is a Testicle
- A Letter to My Church on Women's Roles
- Pragmatics or Power in Patriarchy?
- Whores: A Meditation on Gender and the Bible
- On Masculine Christianity and Powerplays
- Thoughts on Mark Driscoll While I'm Knitting
- Ambivalent Sexism
- Direct Your Hearts to Her
- Gender, Submission and Ecosystems of Abuse
The Snake Handling Churches of Appalachia
How Facebook Killed the Church
Blogging about the Bible
- Adam's First Wife
- I Am a Worm
- Christus Victor in the Lord's Prayer
- Let Them Both Grow Together
- Repent
- Here I Am
- Becoming the Jubilee
- Sermon on the Mount: Study Guide
- Treat Them as a Pagan or Tax Collector
- Going Outside the Camp
- Welcoming Children
- The Song of Lamech and the Song of the Lamb
- The Nephilim
- Shaming Jesus
- Pseudepigrapha and the Christian Witness
- The Exclusion and Inclusion of Eunuchs
- The Second Moses
- The New Manna
- Salvation in the First Sermons of the Church
- "A Bloody Husband"
- Song of the Vineyard
- The Jubilee
Bonhoeffer's Letters from Prision
Civil Rights Family Trip
Hip Christianity
Demons and The Powers
- Part 1: Thinking about Demons
- Part 2: Evil and Illness in Modernity
- Part 3: Evil as Residual
- Part 4: The Language of The Powers
- Part 5: The Angels of the Nations
- Part 6: Yoder on The Powers
- Part 7: The Spirituality of The Powers
- Part 8: The Inner Aspect of Material Power
- Part 9: Stringfellow on The Powers
- Part 10: Demons in the Gosples
Judas
The Midrash of R. Crumb
Theology and Evolutionary Psychology
- Prelude: Galileo's Dilemma
- Part 1: Natural and Sexual Selection
- Part 2: On the Sweet Tooth (and Morality as Dieting)
- Interlude: Emoticons
- Part 3: Evolution and Human Sexuality
- Part 4: Sexual Jealousy
- Part 5: Kin Selection and Family Values
- Part 6: The Storge to Xenia Shift
- Part 7: Reciprocity
- Part 8: Moralistic Aggression
Scripture and Discernment
- Biblical as Sociological Stress Test
- Cookie Cutting the Bible: A Case Study
- Pawn to King 4
- Allowing God to Rage
- Poetry of a Murderer
- On Christian Communion: Killing vs. Sexuality
- Heretics and Disagreement
- Atonement: A Primer
- "The Bible says..."
- The "Yes, but..." Church
- Human Experience and the Bible
- Discernment, Part 1
- Discernment, Part 2
- Rabbinic Hedges
- Fuzzy Logic
Interacting with Good Books
- Are Christians Hate-Filled Hypocrites?
- Christ and Horrors
- The King Jesus Gospel
- Insurrection
- The Bible Made Impossible
- The Deliverance of God
- To Change the World
- Sexuality and the Christian Body
- I Told Me So
- The Teaching of the Twelve
- Evolving in Monkey Town
- Saved from Sacrifice: A Series
- Darwin's Sacred Cause
- Outliers
- Evil in Modern Thought, Part 1
- Evil in Modern Thought, Part 2
- Evil in Modern Thought, Part 3
- The Black Swan, Part 1
- The Black Swan, Part 2
- Rapture Ready!
- A Secular Age
- The God Who Risks
- I Am a Strange Loop, Part 1
- I Am a Strange Loop, Part 2
- I Am a Strange Loop, Part 3
- I Am a Strange Loop, Part 4
- I Am a Strange Loop, Part 5
- The Evolution of Cooperation
- Evil
- On Apology
Moral Psychology
- Ethnocentrism and Politics
- Flies, Attention and Morality
- The Banality of Evil
- Regarding Sex
- The Ovens at Buchenwald
- Violence and Traffic Lights
- Defending Individualism
- Guilt and Atonement
- The Varieties of Love and Hate
- The Wicked
- Moral Foundations
- Primum non nocere
- The Moral Emotions
- The Moral Circle, Part 1
- The Moral Circle, Part 2
- Taboo Psychology
- The Morality of Mentality
- Moral Conviction
- Infrahumanization
- Holiness and Moral Grammars
Experiments in Quantitative Ecclesiology
The Theology of Everyday Life
- Hating Pixels
- Dress, Divinity and Dumbfounding
- The Kingdom of God Will Not Be Tweeted
- Tickling
- Tattoos
- The Ethics of :-)
- On Snobbery
- Jokes
- The F-word
- Hypocrisy
- Can you sin on a deserted island?
- Ironic Christians
- Everything I learned about life I learned coaching tee-ball
- Gossip, Part 1: The Food of the Brain
- Gossip, Part 2: Evolutionary Stable Strategies
- Gossip, Part 3: The Pay it Forward World
- Sinning in Your Heart?, Part 1: The Morality of Mentality
- Moral Progress, Part 1
- Moral Progress, Part 2
- Human Nature
- Welcome
- On Humility
Dogmatism & Doubt: Curing the Religious Disease
Sticky Theology (Why is Bad Theology so Popular?)
Universal Reconciliation
- Holiness in Heaven?
- Universalism and the New Perspective on Paul
- A Googolplexian Hell
- The Best Ending to the Christian Story: An Exchange with Daniel Kirk
- Universalism and the Bondage of the Will
- Universalism and the Prophetic Imagination
- Universalism and Theodicy
- Universalism FAQ & Answers
- Universalism: A Summary Defense
- Why I Am a Universalist Series (and Resources)
George MacDonald
Alone, Suburban & Sorted
The Theology of Monsters
Original Sin: A New View
The Theology of Ugly
Orthodox Iconography
A Walk with William James
- Part 1: The Jamesian Situation
- Part 2: Habit
- Part 3: Belief as Vote
- Part 4: Pragmatism and the Emerging Church
- Part 5: Theology is a Fork
- Part 6: Ontological Emotion
- Part 7: Religious Surrender
- Part 8: Introverts at Church
- Part 9: Bubbles in the Sun
- Part 10: Ghostbusting
- Part 11: The Empirical Trace
- Part 12: Saintliness
Preparing for the Cartesian Storm (Free Will & Souls in the Age of Neuroscience)
Musings On Faith, Belief, and Doubt
- Cheap Praise and Costly Praise
- god
- Wired to Suffer
- A New Apologetics
- Orthodox Alexithymia
- High and Low: The Psalms and Suffering
- The Buddhist Phase
- Skilled Christianity
- The Two Families of God
- The Bait and Switch of Contemporary Christianity
- Evil and Evolution: Thoughts on Enns and Smith
- Theodicy and No Country for Old Men
- Doubt: A Diagnosis
- Faith and Modernity
- Faith after "The Cognitive Turn"
- Salvation
- The Gifts of Doubt
- A Beautiful Life
- Is Santa Claus Real?
- The Feeling of Knowing
- Practicing Christianity
- In Praise of Doubt
- Skepticism and Conviction
- Pragmatic Belief
- N-Order Complaint and Need for Cognition
The Theology of Humor
Game Theory and the Kingdom of God
Holiday Musings
- A Christmas Carol as Resistance Literature: Part 1
- A Christmas Carol as Resistance Literature: Part 2
- It's Still Christmas
- Easter Shouldn't Be Good News
- The Deeper Magic: A Good Friday Meditation
- Palm Sunday with the Orthodox
- Growing Up Catholic: A Lenten Meditation
- The Liturgical Year for Dummies
- "Watching Their Flocks at Night": An Advent Meditation
- Pentecost and Babel
- Epiphany
- Ambivalence about Lent
- On Easter and Astronomy
- Christmas & TV, Part 1: The Grinch
- Christmas & TV, Part 2: Misfits
- Christmas & TV, Part 3: Charlie Brown
- Sex Sandals and Advent
- Freud and Valentine's Day
- Existentialism and Halloween
- Halloween Redux: Talking with the Dead
The Offbeat
- Jesus Would Be a Hufflepuff
- The Moral Example of Captain Jack Sparrow
- Weddings Real, Imagined and Yet to Come
- Michelangelo and Neuroanatomy
- Believing in Bigfoot
- The Kingdom of God as Improv and Flash Mob
- 2012 and the End of the World
- Chocolate Jesus
- The Polar Express and the Uncanny Valley
- Why the Anti-Christ Is an Idiot
- On Harry Potter and Vampire Movies

Great post! I remember some of the "scenarios" from your H&T of Psyc course.
Where you say, "We simply know something is wrong and those feelings GO IN SEARCH OF RATIONALIZATIONS. Moral arguments, therefore, are simply this: Justifications for appraisals of wrongness we instinctively feel," I think that is quite plausible.
And, "theological arguments are simply a show, a way to appear rational and well justified to others and ourselves"...
For some reason makes me think of some subconcious perfectionistic human drive behind it all. Who knows!
Great blog!
Holly,
How are you? Not to visit out here in cyberspace, but I hope you're well.
Thanks for the blog feedback. A lot of History of Theories stuff will find its way into this blog. I might have overstated the case in this entry, but I was trying to make a point.
Take care!
Richard
Isn't this argument a version of the genetic fallacy (i.e., if we show where some idea comes from, then the idea is false, or at least suspect)?
What moral weight does feeling carry either way? In other words, just because I feel something is wrong (or right), is it necessarily wrong (or right)?
I don’t think I’m arguing about the validity of the moral judgment. I’m rather making an observation about where those judgments originate from. The judgment might be “correct” or “incorrect” given some moral criteria (e.g., the Bible, Kantian Imperative, Utilitarianism, etc.). My only point is that our sense of “wrongness” is much more emotional than we might have guessed. The post is a call for deeper self-analysis.
Richard
Richard,
If you haven't already, read Alasdair MacIntyre's criticisms of the early 20th century moral theory called emotivism at the beginning of "After Virtue". Emotivism said that all moral judgments essentially boiled down to positive or negative emotional responses. I think MacIntyre does a good job criticizing this theory. It would still be hard for him to come up with a non-question begging way to say that eating the chicken you just coupled with in wrong, but maybe it'll point a first step or something.
shane
Only one of these scenarios gave me pause. I have a dislike for the consumption of pets (particularly dogs, since I am such a dog lover) but I am well aware that there are no actual ethical concerns involved. (Although, potentially some health concern.) I recognize that my response is purely emotional, however, and have no problem with the issue ethically.
Speaking only of human rights, my overall social ethicality rule of thumb is if something doesn't directly harm, or potentially directly harm, an unconsenting person... It should be allowed.
I enjoy testing the limits of this philosophy but, thus far, haven't found anything that would violate it. My strongest emotional response was to a scenario that gave me a great amount of discomfort. Animated child pornography. Or, technology permitting, "simulated" sexual encounters involving children. What does everyone think on this issue?
"Basically, we are simply going to FEEL that it IS a sin or that it IS NOT a sin, and there is little that argument or blogging is going to do to change those viscerally held judgments."
I'd like to believe that anyone with any amount of intellectual honesty would reevaluate opinions based on "gut feelings" when it's revealed that the gut feelings have no logical background. In that case, argument is still a pretty valid tool for changing minds.
Excellent post, I agree 100%. After reading this, I realized it reinforced my theory of why people need 'God.' Im not a very religious person, But after making some very tough moral decisions a while back, I realized that god isnt an actual being, but a justification of your actions and a rationalization of your feelings.
Explanation: A year back, I was faced with a very tough decision. My boss was an alcoholic and drank on a daily basis on the job. By the end of the night he was in no condition to work, let alone drive. Being young, I readily drank on the job as well, though never to the extent that he did. I eventually stopped because I realized how bad of a job I was doing and grew to dislike having to work in that condition. He continued on. I watched as the kitchen (I was working as a cook) grew steadily worse and started putting out worse food. It was then that I made the decision to tell the owner about the problem. It was, without a doubt, the hardest decision I have ever made in my life. How could I be so hypocritical? How could I pass a judgment on someone when I was just as guilty as they were? How could I cost this man, who had a house, a wife, and a newborn daughter, his job? Who am I to mess with this persons life? It was then that I realized how badly I wanted someone to say 'dont worry, your doing the right thing.' And when I realized that, I realized how people can truly believe in God, because they need that peace of mind, that reassurance they are doing the right thing.
It was then that I found god, and it was then that the quote from Robert Heinlins novel 'Stranger in a Strange Land' made perfect sense...'I am god, and you are god, and all that groks (understands) is god.'
I still dont believe in god. I believe in myself. I believe that the choices I make are good choices, and I wish no harm to anyone else. I dont fight, I dont own a gun, and I would feel horrible if my actions ever brought pain and harm to another. And if Im wrong and God does exist, when I die and I stand before him in judgement, I will be allowed into heaven based on my humanity and not my actions or 'sins.'
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This makes perfect sense. And not to prosthelytize at all, but this is one thing that comes out after practicing Buddhism for a while. Emotional ties and attachments loosen, exposing their gooey innards.