I spent four years working as a therapist at a psychiatric hospital. You learn a great deal about the human mind working with the very worst of our mental breakdowns. Very little about human behavior now surprises me. I've seen it all.
To start this post, I want to share with you one of my big realizations about the human mind that I discovered during those years working at the psychiatric hospital. To begin, one of the things you notice about people in very bad and miserable life circumstances is that they often refuse to make changes. Think of the classic case of domestic abuse. You work with the battered wife, laying out a plan for her to leave her abuser and move toward a new and happier future. But after discharge she heads right back into the same situation. Why?
Many therapists think the woman's refusal to leave is due to some kind of co-dependent dysfunction or "battered woman syndrome." I'm not denying that those dynamics may be involved on a case by case basis. But I think there is a less exotic, a more workaday explanation. I think this because this explanation works not just for the domestic abuse situation but applies to all kinds of "failures to change"; those situations where people stick with a miserable Present and refuse to move toward a happier Future.
So what explains the inertia, the hesitance to move toward happiness? Here is my analysis:
The brain desires predictability over happiness.
To wit. The brain evolved to be a prediction machine. The brain is not a happiness machine. The brain doesn't exist to make you happy. The brain exists to keep you alive and to find your next meal. And it does this by making associations (learning) to create predictive expectations about the organism's immediate future. As cognitive scientists tell us, the brain exists to answer one simple question: What should I do next?
The point is, if the brain puts happiness versus predictability in the balance the brain will choose predictability. Which means we would rather live with a miserable but predictable life than venture out toward an unpredictable future, even if that future is potentially happier. We know our dysfunctions well. They are not fun and they are unhealthy. But they are KNOWN. And in that knowledge is a bit of biological comfort.
Okay, I bet you are now asking, "What does this have to do with the anti-Christ?" Let me explain.
Our world if filled with terrifying events. Hurricanes kills thousands. Tsunami's bring devastation. Earthquakes level nations. Terrorism and wars surround us. And global warming is going to put New York City underwater. In short, CNN brings us, on a daily basis, one global disaster after another. The world is a scary place.
But what if all this chaos was predicted? What if these events were not disasters but SIGNS? Signs of the End Times?
Many Christians are fascinated, transfixed even, by the Signs of the End Times. Numerous books and study Bibles fill Christian bookstore shelves on the subject. In recent years, this interest has been captured by The Left Behind series, a fictional imagining of the rapture, the rise of the anti-Christ and the battle of Armageddon.
If one reads these materials, some fictional and others purporting to be serious biblical scholarship, one is struck by the exegetical and hermanutical pyrotechnics. In a word, these readings of Scripture are very poor. And that is putting it nicely.
So the psychologist in me wonders, "Why would these poor readings of Scripture find such wide appeal? They can't be succeeding on intellectual grounds. So, what's the attraction?"
I think the attractions are existential and emotional. End Times theories take something chaotic, scary and unpredictable and turn it into something tamed, Providential, and predictable. Tsunamis become signs. Never fret, God is in control. Schematically, we can summarize:
(Scary World Events) = Unease and Fear
(Scary World Events) + (End Times Theory) = Security and Peace of Mind
Ah, the allures of the anti-Christ!
Recall my earlier point about the brain and predictability. The End Times theories are feeding this craving of the brain, the need for order and predictability.
Interestingly, this need for predictability goes haywire in paranoid disorders. As G.K. Chesterton noted, a sane person lives in a world where most things are random and meaningless. Like swinging a stick at some tall grass. We do it because it is pointless. For Chesterton, pointlessness was the hallmark of sanity. By contrast, a paranoid person sees TOO MUCH meaning in life. Nothing is pointless or random! That person swinging a stick is sending signals to malevolent forces out to get me. In short, when we see meaning in meaningless activities/occurrences we grow increasingly suspicious and paranoid. We might not have a psychotic break but we'll spend lots of time spinning or consuming conspiracy theories.
Perhaps this is why End Times thinking is so similar to conspiracy theories. Signs are everywhere. You see them in tsunamis, wars, and the resolutions of the United Nations. Nothing is simply what it is. It is MORE. And it is CONNECTED. The rapture is upon us! The End Times are NOW!
But at the end of the day, this is all just really about existential comfort. The need to render the inexplicable explicable. To tame the chaos and, as a result, attenuate the anxiety the chaos creates in us. We live in scary times. So it is okay to be scared. It's courageous to admit it. It's a form of lament.
But that might be too scary a prospect. So here's an alternative: Seek the comforts of the End Times Connect-the-Dots game. It's a game, like most games, that will allow you to pass the time.
Plus, it will make you feel better.
Welcome to the blog of Richard Beck, professor and experimental psychologist at Abilene Christian University (brief vita) and author of Unclean and The Authenticity of Faith.
Experimental Theology is available on the Kindle.
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The Theology of Calvin and Hobbes
The Theology of Peanuts
The Angel of the iPhone
Reflections on Gender and the Church
- Call No Man on Earth Father
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- Whores: A Meditation on Gender and the Bible
- On Masculine Christianity and Powerplays
- Thoughts on Mark Driscoll While I'm Knitting
- Ambivalent Sexism
- Direct Your Hearts to Her
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The Snake Handling Churches of Appalachia
How Facebook Killed the Church
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- Adam's First Wife
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- Becoming the Jubilee
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- Going Outside the Camp
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- The Song of Lamech and the Song of the Lamb
- The Nephilim
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- "A Bloody Husband"
- Song of the Vineyard
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Bonhoeffer's Letters from Prision
Civil Rights Family Trip
Hip Christianity
Demons and The Powers
- Part 1: Thinking about Demons
- Part 2: Evil and Illness in Modernity
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- Part 4: The Language of The Powers
- Part 5: The Angels of the Nations
- Part 6: Yoder on The Powers
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- Part 9: Stringfellow on The Powers
- Part 10: Demons in the Gosples
Judas
The Midrash of R. Crumb
Theology and Evolutionary Psychology
- Prelude: Galileo's Dilemma
- Part 1: Natural and Sexual Selection
- Part 2: On the Sweet Tooth (and Morality as Dieting)
- Interlude: Emoticons
- Part 3: Evolution and Human Sexuality
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Scripture and Discernment
- Biblical as Sociological Stress Test
- Cookie Cutting the Bible: A Case Study
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- Allowing God to Rage
- Poetry of a Murderer
- On Christian Communion: Killing vs. Sexuality
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- Atonement: A Primer
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Interacting with Good Books
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- Christ and Horrors
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- The Deliverance of God
- To Change the World
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- I Told Me So
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- Evolving in Monkey Town
- Saved from Sacrifice: A Series
- Darwin's Sacred Cause
- Outliers
- Evil in Modern Thought, Part 1
- Evil in Modern Thought, Part 2
- Evil in Modern Thought, Part 3
- The Black Swan, Part 1
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- Rapture Ready!
- A Secular Age
- The God Who Risks
- I Am a Strange Loop, Part 1
- I Am a Strange Loop, Part 2
- I Am a Strange Loop, Part 3
- I Am a Strange Loop, Part 4
- I Am a Strange Loop, Part 5
- The Evolution of Cooperation
- Evil
- On Apology
Moral Psychology
- Ethnocentrism and Politics
- Flies, Attention and Morality
- The Banality of Evil
- Regarding Sex
- The Ovens at Buchenwald
- Violence and Traffic Lights
- Defending Individualism
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- The Wicked
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- The Moral Emotions
- The Moral Circle, Part 1
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- Taboo Psychology
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- Infrahumanization
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Experiments in Quantitative Ecclesiology
The Theology of Everyday Life
- Hating Pixels
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- The Kingdom of God Will Not Be Tweeted
- Tickling
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- On Snobbery
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- Ironic Christians
- Everything I learned about life I learned coaching tee-ball
- Gossip, Part 1: The Food of the Brain
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- Gossip, Part 3: The Pay it Forward World
- Sinning in Your Heart?, Part 1: The Morality of Mentality
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- Human Nature
- Welcome
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Dogmatism & Doubt: Curing the Religious Disease
Sticky Theology (Why is Bad Theology so Popular?)
Universal Reconciliation
- Holiness in Heaven?
- Universalism and the New Perspective on Paul
- A Googolplexian Hell
- The Best Ending to the Christian Story: An Exchange with Daniel Kirk
- Universalism and the Bondage of the Will
- Universalism and the Prophetic Imagination
- Universalism and Theodicy
- Universalism FAQ & Answers
- Universalism: A Summary Defense
- Why I Am a Universalist Series (and Resources)
George MacDonald
Alone, Suburban & Sorted
The Theology of Monsters
Original Sin: A New View
The Theology of Ugly
Orthodox Iconography
A Walk with William James
- Part 1: The Jamesian Situation
- Part 2: Habit
- Part 3: Belief as Vote
- Part 4: Pragmatism and the Emerging Church
- Part 5: Theology is a Fork
- Part 6: Ontological Emotion
- Part 7: Religious Surrender
- Part 8: Introverts at Church
- Part 9: Bubbles in the Sun
- Part 10: Ghostbusting
- Part 11: The Empirical Trace
- Part 12: Saintliness
Preparing for the Cartesian Storm (Free Will & Souls in the Age of Neuroscience)
Musings On Faith, Belief, and Doubt
- Cheap Praise and Costly Praise
- god
- Wired to Suffer
- A New Apologetics
- Orthodox Alexithymia
- High and Low: The Psalms and Suffering
- The Buddhist Phase
- Skilled Christianity
- The Two Families of God
- The Bait and Switch of Contemporary Christianity
- Evil and Evolution: Thoughts on Enns and Smith
- Theodicy and No Country for Old Men
- Doubt: A Diagnosis
- Faith and Modernity
- Faith after "The Cognitive Turn"
- Salvation
- The Gifts of Doubt
- A Beautiful Life
- Is Santa Claus Real?
- The Feeling of Knowing
- Practicing Christianity
- In Praise of Doubt
- Skepticism and Conviction
- Pragmatic Belief
- N-Order Complaint and Need for Cognition
The Theology of Humor
Game Theory and the Kingdom of God
Holiday Musings
- A Christmas Carol as Resistance Literature: Part 1
- A Christmas Carol as Resistance Literature: Part 2
- It's Still Christmas
- Easter Shouldn't Be Good News
- The Deeper Magic: A Good Friday Meditation
- Palm Sunday with the Orthodox
- Growing Up Catholic: A Lenten Meditation
- The Liturgical Year for Dummies
- "Watching Their Flocks at Night": An Advent Meditation
- Pentecost and Babel
- Epiphany
- Ambivalence about Lent
- On Easter and Astronomy
- Christmas & TV, Part 1: The Grinch
- Christmas & TV, Part 2: Misfits
- Christmas & TV, Part 3: Charlie Brown
- Sex Sandals and Advent
- Freud and Valentine's Day
- Existentialism and Halloween
- Halloween Redux: Talking with the Dead
The Offbeat
- Jesus Would Be a Hufflepuff
- The Moral Example of Captain Jack Sparrow
- Weddings Real, Imagined and Yet to Come
- Michelangelo and Neuroanatomy
- Believing in Bigfoot
- The Kingdom of God as Improv and Flash Mob
- 2012 and the End of the World
- Chocolate Jesus
- The Polar Express and the Uncanny Valley
- Why the Anti-Christ Is an Idiot
- On Harry Potter and Vampire Movies

This is awesome. It is true that apocalyptic expectations are comforting to people, which strikes me as odd since it's all about terror and destruction and mass calamity.
It also ties in nicely to Girardian thought about humanity ascribing meaning to meaningless violence as a way of manufacturing false unity.
Does this put eschatology as a whole beyond reason in your opinion?
Hi Aric,
I don't think this puts eschatology beyond reason. The "content" of the belief isn't the question for me. The "motive" behind the belief is more my aim. I think someone can believe in various millennial formulations in a way that wouldn't be a quick existential fix. My expectation would be that this person would manifest this style of belief by being more circumspect and critical of his/her own beliefs. That is, he/she would resist quick event/sign mappings while still believing that such mappings are possible, if only knowable in retrospection at the eschaton.
So in a way, my belief in universalism has no biblical basis and is really a psychological product of my brain wanting everything to be ok...
:)
Great post.
Richard,
Grandchildren and banana pudding are much more comforting than apocalyptic literature. Such texts, by the way, are metaphorically predictable at the cosmic and social level but not at the individual level.
Blessings,
George C.
Daniel,
I probably need to post on universalism in this series as my universalism might be viewed as the classic "feel good" position. But let me respond here, for those who care:
1. As I wrote in my comment to Aric, the issue isn't "content" but "motive." Thus, of course, a person could believe in universalism for "feel good" reasons. But this isn't necessarily the case.
2. I don't think the "feel good" diagnosis fits me for the following reasons:
a.) I'm a universalist for theodicy reasons. That is, I've adopted the position for the sake of God, not for myself.
b.) I have a lot of death anxiety (well, it's more like morbid rumination) so it doesn't feel like I'm repressing anything! That is, I hold my beliefs about the afterlife hopefully, not as certainties.
George,
Banana pudding... In my opinion, banana pudding and sweet iced tea are two of the great contributions that the American South has made to Western Civilization.
Dr. Beck,
I hope you do make a post elaborating on that, but I was definitely joking. That's usually the reaction I get when I tell people I'm a Beck-ian Christian Universalist... (Okay, I don't really say that, but you did give me a great start into that study with your series on universalism.)
Hi Daniel,
My comment probably miscommunicated. I knew you were joking. You just reminded me that I wanted to address that issue at some point. So I used your comment to take a quick stab at it for the benefit of those listening in.
On a random note, have you seen the documentary Jesus Camp? I bring it up because I just finished watching it about 10 minutes ago and it has me totally freaked out. I mean, totally freaked out.
Yes, Jesus Camp will freak you out. I recommend watching it with the commentary turned on, it is quite interesting.
I've heard a lot about it... Not sure if I have the strength to sit through it, but I'll try and watch it one of these days.
I knew you knew I was joking. In my constant drive to be funny, sometimes I have a tendency to be misunderstood, so I was mainly throwing that out there so others didn't think I was taking a jab at universalism.
But I'll definitely be interested to see you elaborate on universalism as it relates to this series.
I wonder if you could say this formula is also at work...
(Scary World Events) = (Impulse to do Justice)
(Scary World Events) + (End Times Theory) = (Nothing to be done about it, so may as well let everyone get what they have coming)
Matt,
You know, I think that is right. End Times views expect the world to morally degenerate, it's a sign of course. Thus, there is little need (or hope) to try to get in there and reverse the process. The church's main job then is to play fortress, a gated community pushing away the encroaching forces of darkness. You can see this mentality in the predominance of the "warfare" metaphor.
(Which, btw, was the dominant metaphor all through the Jesus Camp documentary.)
Sorry...I just had to comment because I skimmed down and noticed the mentioning of "Jesus Camp"...
HA! Now that's some crazy "religious" following practices! HA!
As a psychology major ( and a schizophrenic with positive symptoms ), I love you post.
But I would question your thesis.
I don't think most Christians are really in it for the comfort, or what they see going on in the world.
That's just my two cents.
Great blog by the way. I've just bookmarked it and plan to be reading through your archives.
Another excellent post.
I was wondering if there might be a difference here between happiness, as in the temporary experience of pleasure (for a definition), and something more broad one might call 'flourishing', more like happiness in an Aristotelean sense. Fullness of life and so on.
I think the brain is a "happiness" machine in this sense - it rewards you for certain behaviors with endorphins and whatnot - but it isn't a "flourishing" machine. To flourish requires a lot of reflection and volition - it isn't 'built in', but has to be cultivated consciously over time, often at the expense of "happiness" as defined above.
I think that the predictability of Left Behind "theologies" does entail happiness/pleasure, a brief sense of well-being, but it never lasts. So you have to go over it again and again, keep reminding yourself, and if someone threatens this illusion, you respond as if your flourishing was threatened, and not just your temporary pleasure.
Meanwhile, your true flourishing is postponed until you surrender the illusions, because they insulate you from the world as it actually exists and anesthetize you against genuine suffering that is part of life and part of growth as well...