This whole journey started by doing a little digging into what has been called the "tripartite anthropology" we see hinted at or assumed in the New Testament.
What is the tripartite anthropology?
Well, it might be best to start by contrasting it with the dualistic anthropology most Christians tend to work with. Specifically, we tend to think that the human person is composed of two things, body and soul. Trouble is, there are two Greek words used to describe the transmaterial and supranatural aspects of human persons. These words are psyche and pneuma. Psyche is the word generally translated as "soul," and pneuma is the word consistently translated as "spirit."
For the most part, we assume that psyche and pneuma are synonymous and can be used interchangeably. Our soul and our spirit are the same thing. If so, we have a dualistic anthropology, a [soul/spirit] and a [body]. The Greek word for body is soma.
And yet, there are Biblical texts that seem to posit a tripartite division, making a three-fold distinction between psyche, pneuma and soma. Ground Zero of the tripartite anthropology is 1 Thessalonians 5.23:
May God himself, the God of peace, sanctify you through and through. May your whole spirit [pneuma], soul [psyche] and body [soma] be kept blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul [psyche] and of spirit [pneuma], of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart. (Heb. 4:12)